Phased Array, TOFD, and TFM/FMC: Comparing Methods for Weld Lack of Fusion Detection

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SOLVED: Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) is a form of ultrasonic measurement where transducers are moved along the surface of the material to detect and visualize flaws and defects beneath the surface. Reflected pulses are received by an analogue transducer (that converts the received energy into an electronic signal), sampled, digitized, and presented on a computer screen in the form of a one-dimensional signal known as an A-scan, as shown in Figure Q2(a) below. Multiple A-scans are then stack

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